Gusto Internazionale At the beginning of the century, Hesse had become acquainted with and impressed by Gustav Gräser, a long-haired, shaggy-bearded poet, sculptor, painter, nature lover, pacifist, and vagabond-outsider, a self-styled critic and prophet in tunic and sandals. Restless ennui induced him in 1907 to join Gräser and his vegetarians briefly in their retreat on Monte Verità near Ascona. Here he lived naked and alone in a primitive hut, slept on a stone floor wrapped only in a blanket, fasted for a week, and lay buried in earth up to his armpits for a whole day. His body toughened, but he did not find his hoped-for release from physical aches or psychological stress. He returned to Gaienhofen and his family.Joseph Mileck: Hermann Hesse. Biography and Bibliography. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London 1977, Volume 1, p. 27 Gustav Gräser, detto Gusto (1879-1958). Fratello di Karl, approdò al Monte Verità appena ventenne, dopo essere stato pittore. Personaggio tra i più radicali del gruppo, deciso ad abbandonare ogni forma di civilizzazione, in un consapevole ritorno alla natura, visse a lungo in una grotta. Sarà la figura più coerente di predicatore creativo, pittore e poeta, viaggerà a Monaco e Berlino, a contatto con le varie cerchie bohèmien dell'epoca, rimanendo al di fuori dalle convenzioni che aveva deciso di rifiutare. Stimato da Hermann Hesse, che si sentirà suo discepolo, morirà nel 1958 a Freimann presso Monaco. Mara Folini: Il Monte Verità di Ascona. Berna 1998, p. 42 Em novembro de 1900, Henri Oedenkoven e Ida Hoffmann, com o auxílio dos amigos Arthur e Karl Gräser (irmãos), Lotte Hattemer e Jenny Hoffmann (irmã de Ida, nascida em 1863), fundaram a Colônia Vegetariana e Naturista no famoso Monte Verità (A Montanha da Verdade), no Lago Maggiore, em Ascona na Suíça. O local já se chamava Monte Verità quando eles o habitaram, e deram o nome próprio do local à sua Colônia. Este local também era conhecido como Ticino, ou a porção italiana da Suíça, cuja língua comum era o italiano, sendo a própria palavra Verità o correspondente italiano para "Verdade". O Monte Verità foi, antes mesmo da fundação da Colônia, assim chamado devido à idéia de que as grandes verdades se revelam nos topos dos montes (como por exemplo o Sinai). … No Monte Verità, as idéias de Karl Gräser, que propunha a reforma de vida sustentada em Emile de Jean Jacques Rousseau e nas idéias de Tolstoi, de que o homem deveria viver segundo seu próprio juízo, influenciaram o grupo. Seu irmão, o poeta e pintor, Arthur Gustav Gräser (que mais tarde teve Hermann Hesse como discípulo), e Jenny Hoffmann, irmã de Ida, foram os personagens mais radicais do grupo em relação à atitude libertária. Eu suponho que estes deviam bater de frente com Oedenkoven. Agarath: Ida Hoffmann e Henri Oedenkoven: do Avante-Garde Anarquista aos Círculos Ocultistas. www.vegetarianismo.com.br/historia/ida-hofmann.html In 1906 [1907!] Hesse was undoubtedly ready for his first encounter with that strange underground figure Gusto or Gustav Gräser who played a part in various natural health endeavours centered around Ascona in Switzerland’s Italian-speaking canton of Ticino where Hesse was to spend the greater part of his life. Gräser had wandered all over Germany and Switzerland and at one point also touched Gaienhofen where he made an impression on Hesse. He had all the appearance of a “guru” wearing Indian garb who acted out the opposition to established society that Hesse mostly implied. His appearance in Hesse’s life during that summer of 1906 [1907!], just as he felt compelled to fall back into his familiy routine, must have been electrifying. As his friend Finckh tells it, Hesse caught fire when he saw four strange-looking creatures with “long hair, sandals, and bare legs” walk through the village, and followed them at once to their settlement in Ascona. Ralph Freedman: Hermann Hesse. Pilgrim of Crisis. London 1978, p. 134 Gusto andò a vivere una vita da vero eremita in una specie di grotta. E sarà lì, nel suo ashram ticinese, che anni dopo lo incontrò ... Hermann Hesse, calato nel meridione dal nord per combattere “con il sole e i prodotti vegetali” un alcolismo che lo uccideva. E fu lì che Hesse pensò di scoprire nella signora Elisabetta, moglie di Gusto, il prototipo della Grande madre terra, una figura e un’idea di cui molti discutevano in quegli anni da quelle parti, tanto da fare di Ascona il santuario “intellettuale” del suo culto. … L’ideologia di Monte Verità va vista, agli inizi, come un’alternativa sia a quella del capitalismo sia al comunismo: un’ideologia, o un’utopia, semplice, basata sull’ideale di una comunità paleochristiano-comunista, o di un socialismo primitivo associato al sogno di una vita naturale. Irene Bignardi: Le piccole Utopie. Milano 200, p. 63 e 67 In 1906 [1907 !] Gräser met Hermann Hesse, in Ascona. Hesse was living not far away, and he saw Naturmenschen walking through his village on their way to Monte Verità, with their long hair, bronzed faces, bare legs, sandaled feet. He got to know Henri Oedenkoven and Ida Hofmann … but it was above all Gräser who came to represent to Hesse the things that were to be found in Ascona and that were important to Hesse; indeed, Hesse represents to us many writers who were challenged and inspired by Gräser over the years. … Gräser’s vocation of vagabondage, of cutting himself free from social guarantees, was attractive to Hesse. Indeed, at the level of rhetoric, the two men shared precisely the same ethic and the same faith. Martin Green: Mountain of Truth. The Counterculture begins. Ascona, 1900-1920. Hanover and London, 1986, p. 62f.
Hermann Hesse est sans doute celui qui a le mieux connu Gustav Gräser, auprès duquel il a séjourné à plusieurs reprises. Il s’en est inspiré pour décrire le héros de son roman Demian. Sa femme, Elisabeth Dörr (1876-1953), dont Hesse est manifestement amoureux, devient Madame Eva dans le même roman. « Je vis nu et éveillé, tel un cerf dans son bocage de rocailles », écrit-il à propos de son premier séjour auprès de son ami, dans la forêt d’Arcegno. Ils étudient ensemble les Upanishads. Plus tard, Gustav Gräser lui confie sa traduction libre (ou paraphrasée) du Tao Te King de Lao-Tseu. Wolfgang Wackernagel : Mystique, avant-garde et marginalité dans le sillage du Monte Verità. Dans ‘Mystique: la passion de l’Un, de l’Antiquité à nos jours’. Edité par Alain Dierkens et Bénoit Beyer de Ryk. Bruxelles, p. 181
Hesse saw Gräser again in 1917 and 1918, and assented to his ideas quite passionately. In those years Hesse, like other German intellectuals, was overcome with horror of the Great War, and ready to take up radical positions. Thus when in 1917 an appeal was launched to raise money for Gräser, Hesse was the receiver of the contributions. He associated himself with Gräser’s ideas, proudly acknowledging the danger he was inviting – the risk to his position as artist, intellectual, citizen, family man. And when the War ended, and revolution broke out in Munich, and Gräser felt he must leave Switzerland to preach non-violence to the revolutionaries, it was to Hesse he turned. Martin Green: Ascona: “The Mountain of Truth”. In: This World. Spring/Summer 1983, Number Five, p. 114.
Demian was written at a time when Hesse evidently renewed some of his contacts with the “guru” Gustav Gräser. This man and his commune had by then drawn the fire of the authorities not only in Germany but in neutral Switzerland for their active involvement in antiwar activities. Perhaps at this point, when his decisions had ripened and his stand had become clear to him, Hesse no longer minded that the connection between him and the group might be known to some … Clearly, Hesse, looking everywhere for assistance, would have found in Gräser and his group welcome support. … His occasional contacts with Gusto Gräser suggest how much he had been attracted by this subterranean spirit. Ralph Freedman: Pilgrim of Crisis, p. 192 and 216 En quelques ans Monte Verità devient un modèle de vie alternative, qui attire les plus grands noms de l'intelligentsia européenne: peintres, hommes politiques, écrivains, danseurs et musiciens passent un jour ou l'autre à Monte Verità. Parmi eux: ... Gusto Gräser, "poète aux pieds nus", écrivain inspirateur et modèle de tous les vagabonds de Hermann Hesse. Kultursender arte Para los Gräser, Ida y Henry contravenían los principios de la comunidad al aprovechar las riquezas derivadas del capitalismo, mientras afirmaban que este sistema era el causante de los males de la sociedad. Marcela Sánchez A principios del siglo XX, un grupo de personas, imbuidas de ideas que integraban el amor a la Naturaleza, el repudio del patriarcado, del matrimonio y de la sociedad capitalista, el culto de la Mujer primigenia y la Madre Tierra, adquirió unas hectáreas en el sur de Suiza e instaló un centro de curas naturistas, matizado con nudismo, baños de sol, curas de aire y danzas grupales. Monte Verità, tal era su nombre, pronto, no sólo cobró fama, sino que se convirtió en un centro de peregrinación de un movimiento contracultural. Allí llega en 1905 el psicoanalista alemán Otto Gross, que se convierte en el principal referente ideológico y en gurú del movimiento. … Franz Kafka y D. H. Lawrence figuran entre otros notables que recibieron una fuerte impronta de Otto Gross, y Herman Hesse que vivió temporadas en Monte Verità, comenzó a interesarse por Lao Tse a instancias de otro de los ideólogos del lugar: Gusto Gräser, siendo clara la inclusión de muchas de las ideas de Gross en su obra. Alejandro
Napolitano: Apolo, Dionisios, Fritz.
Artículo
publicado en Enfoque Gestáltico nº 20 In Kronstadt, his hometown, Graeser refused to do his year of military service, in 1901, and was sent to jail. Returning to Ascona, he was offered a piece of land by the villagers of Losone, but would not accept it as his property. His early “home” was formed by two slabs of rock, with a few boards on the ground to lie on, and a trough into which he threw fruit stones, later to be scattered wherever he thought trees were needed. He was deeply influenced by the Way of Life of Lao-tzu, and translated it into German. One of the Chinese poet’s most important concepts is wu wei, quietism or deliberate inactivity, the vo iding of the self. Martin Green: Prophets of a New Age. The Politics of Hope from the eighteenth through the twenty-first Centuries. New York, Toronto, Sydney, Oxford, Singapore, 1992, p. 29 Gräser si traferisce a Berlino, lavora nel museo antimilitarista, per mesi tiene cicli di conferenze: Diktator oder Dichter – Wer ist der Völkerrichter? [Dittatore o poeta – Chi è il giudice dei popoli?] I suoi amici fondano una Deutsche Gandhi-Bewegung [Movimento Gandhi Tedesco], che propaganda la non violenza. I nazisti gli vietano di scrivere. Dopo diversi arresti fugge a Monaco, dove sopravvive agli anni del terrore facendo la fame. Dopo la guerra fa piovere i suoi volantini dalla torre del municipio sul Marienplatz. L’opera della sua vita resta non pubblicata. Ormai completamente solo, muore nell’ottobre del 1958 dimenticato da tutti e viene seppellito in una fossa commune. Hermann Müller: Il Monte Verità di Gusto Gräser. In: Senso della vita e bagni di sole. Esperimenti di vita e arte al Monte Verità. A cura di Andreas Schwab e Claudia Lafranchi. Ascona 2001. p. 189
Gusto Graser ... sostenne sempre una linea intransigente di richiamo ad una proposta culturale e politica estranea ad ogni convenzione, che non poteva trovare compromessi con le esigenze razionali espresse da Henri e Ida, volte sostanzialmente a programmare la sopravvivenza economica dell’esperienza. Il dibattito si trascinò per non pochi anni e vide coinvolto lo stesso Hermann Hesse, che si schierò con le posizioni di Gusto Graser, soggiornò a Monte Verità nel 1907. Con Graser condivise l’esperienza di eremitaggio in una spelonca, mantenendo anche alla conclusione di questo periodo ancora stretti contatti sino al 1919. Hesse resterà comunque sempre un suo discepolo. Roberto
Albanese: I nonni dei verdi. Gusto Gräser most resembles Gandhi. This is primarily so because both dedicated their major energies to peace, to nonviolent action. … The two men’s mode of action was, from an ordinary point of view, passive; they suffered others’ violence; notably they allowed themselves to be put in prison, over and over again. … He and Gandhi were in fact not passive, because they chose to do just what would provoke official action against them, and they deprived themselves of the usual unofficial supports. … Of the people whose life story we have followed, therefore, the most poignant hero is Gräser. Martin Green: Mountain of Truth, p. 251 and 253 C’est sur une montagne que le prophète reçoit la révélation. Le sage taoïste se retire dans les montagnes... Et justement, Gusto Graser, va traduire en son existence même le Tao Te King. Alain
Giry: Monte Verita ou la prospective du Retournement Natal. |
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